Issues
Confederation (authority over states) vs. federation (authority over states and individuals)
Democracy vs. republic
State influence on federal government determined by population vs each state having equal power
Foreign policy realism vs. liberalism.
Confederacy (Confederation) - a union by compact or treaty between states, provinces or territories that creates a central government with limited powers; the constituent entities retain supreme authority over all matters except those delegated to the central government.
Constitutional - a government by or operating under an authoritative document (constitution) that sets forth the system of fundamental laws and principles that determines the nature, functions and limits of that government.
Constitutional democracy - a form of government in which the sovereign power of the people is spelled out in a governing constitution.
Democracy - a form of government in which the supreme power is retained by the people, but which is usually exercised indirectly through a system of representation and delegated authority periodically renewed.
Democratic republic - a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them.
Federal (Federation) - a form of government in which sovereign power is formally divided -- usually by means of a constitution -- between a central authority and a number of constituent regions (states, colonies or provinces) so that each region retains some management of its internal affairs; differs from a confederacy in that the central government exerts influence directly upon both individuals as well as upon the regional units.
Federal republic - a state in which the powers of the central government are restricted and in which the component parts (states, colonies, or provinces) retain a degree of self-government; ultimate sovereign power rests with the voters who chose their governmental representatives.
Republic - a representative democracy in which the people's elected deputies (representatives), not the people themselves, vote on legislation.
What Are the Different Types of Governments?
LIBERALISM: The core of liberalism is a belief in freedom for the individual, a belief that encompasses a variety of views on the size and responsibility of government from minimalist libertarian in which the government protects individual freedom by ensuring defense of the peace and protection against fraud to New Deal and Great Society understandings where an interventionist government engages in manipulations of the economy and social policies that attempt to establish equal opportunity for all citizens.
CONSERVATISM: The core of conservatism is a belief in the value to contemporary society in its inherited culture, tradition, and other institutions, and a distrust of social engineering on the part of the government to tinker with serviceable social institutions resulting from the wisdom of past generations.
PROGRESSIVISM: The core of progressivism is a belief that government can and should make evidential and rational interventions in societal processes (that is, social engineering) to improve the quality of life for its citizens. Its classic expression in America is in the late 19th and early 20th centuries where the financial and political inequality between workers and owners was seen as the chief barrier to that progress (a view which has suddenly become quite relevant in this election).
POPULISM: “Populism is a political ideology that holds that virtuous citizens are mistreated by a small circle of elites, who can be overthrown if the people recognize the danger and work together. Populism depicts elites as trampling on the rights, values, and voice of the legitimate people. (Populism (Wikipedia))
FASCISM / COMMUNISM: “In communism, the state is the custodian of everything and it is the state that owns everything. On the other hand, in Fascism, the state has control over everything. In simple words, Communism means state ownership and fascism means state control.” (what is the difference between fascism and communism)
CIVIC VIRTUE: “Civic virtue, in political philosophy, personal qualities associated with the effective functioning of the civil and political order, or the preservation of its values and principles.” … To illustrate the centrality of the state’s purpose in civic virtue, it is useful to compare two dominant political traditions: the liberal and civic republican traditions. The liberal tradition makes minimal demands of citizens, on the assumption that pursuing one’s interests in the private sphere is more important than living a public life. It is sufficient under the liberal tradition for citizens to vote. The republican tradition demands that citizens be active, on the assumption that high levels of civic engagement are necessary to protect against government abuses and to provide citizens with an outlet to satisfy their human yearning of creating a shared public good. Both the liberal and republican traditions share the view that civic virtue is not an inherent human quality but needs to be developed. Civic virtue (Britannica)
SOCIAL CAPITAL: “‘Whereas physical capital refers to physical objects and human capital refers to the properties of individuals, social capital refers to connections among individuals – social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them. In that sense social capital is closely related to what some have called “civic virtue.” The difference is that “social capital” calls attention to the fact that civic virtue is most powerful when embedded in a sense network of reciprocal social relations. A society of many virtuous but isolated individuals is not necessarily rich in social capital’ (Putnam 2000: 19).” Social capital (Infed)
RESOURCES
Liberalism in the United States (Wikipedia)
Liberalism (Wikipedia)
Conservatism in the United States (Wikipedia)
Conservatism (Wikipedia)
Progressivism (Wikipedia)
Progressivism in the United States (Wikipedia)
Populism (Wikipedia)
Defining politics: If Hillary Clinton and Tim Kaine are “progressive,” then the word has lost all meaning (Salon)
"With this simple logic — that all behavior not in the best interest of society is the product of "bad" actors with no influence by external social or environmental factors — this philosophy effectively calls for the end to all of the social sciences. Poverty doesn't influence crime rates, inequality isn't an issue, institutional and structural violence isn't something to take seriously, all for example. That is, if we all become good — born again — everything will be fine. Research isn't needed. Facts aren't needed. All one needs is the "right" ideology to solve all of the world's problems."
The difference between Republicans and Democrats (The Hill)
Democrat vs. Republican (Diffen)
What are the main differences between the Republican and Democratic approaches to regulating the economy? (Investopedia)
Difference between Federalists and Democratic Republicans (TheyDiffer)
what is the difference between fascism and communism
Confederation (authority over states) vs. federation (authority over states and individuals)
Democracy vs. republic
State influence on federal government determined by population vs each state having equal power
Foreign policy realism vs. liberalism.
Confederacy (Confederation) - a union by compact or treaty between states, provinces or territories that creates a central government with limited powers; the constituent entities retain supreme authority over all matters except those delegated to the central government.
Constitutional - a government by or operating under an authoritative document (constitution) that sets forth the system of fundamental laws and principles that determines the nature, functions and limits of that government.
Constitutional democracy - a form of government in which the sovereign power of the people is spelled out in a governing constitution.
Democracy - a form of government in which the supreme power is retained by the people, but which is usually exercised indirectly through a system of representation and delegated authority periodically renewed.
Democratic republic - a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them.
Federal (Federation) - a form of government in which sovereign power is formally divided -- usually by means of a constitution -- between a central authority and a number of constituent regions (states, colonies or provinces) so that each region retains some management of its internal affairs; differs from a confederacy in that the central government exerts influence directly upon both individuals as well as upon the regional units.
Federal republic - a state in which the powers of the central government are restricted and in which the component parts (states, colonies, or provinces) retain a degree of self-government; ultimate sovereign power rests with the voters who chose their governmental representatives.
Republic - a representative democracy in which the people's elected deputies (representatives), not the people themselves, vote on legislation.
What Are the Different Types of Governments?
LIBERALISM: The core of liberalism is a belief in freedom for the individual, a belief that encompasses a variety of views on the size and responsibility of government from minimalist libertarian in which the government protects individual freedom by ensuring defense of the peace and protection against fraud to New Deal and Great Society understandings where an interventionist government engages in manipulations of the economy and social policies that attempt to establish equal opportunity for all citizens.
CONSERVATISM: The core of conservatism is a belief in the value to contemporary society in its inherited culture, tradition, and other institutions, and a distrust of social engineering on the part of the government to tinker with serviceable social institutions resulting from the wisdom of past generations.
PROGRESSIVISM: The core of progressivism is a belief that government can and should make evidential and rational interventions in societal processes (that is, social engineering) to improve the quality of life for its citizens. Its classic expression in America is in the late 19th and early 20th centuries where the financial and political inequality between workers and owners was seen as the chief barrier to that progress (a view which has suddenly become quite relevant in this election).
POPULISM: “Populism is a political ideology that holds that virtuous citizens are mistreated by a small circle of elites, who can be overthrown if the people recognize the danger and work together. Populism depicts elites as trampling on the rights, values, and voice of the legitimate people. (Populism (Wikipedia))
FASCISM / COMMUNISM: “In communism, the state is the custodian of everything and it is the state that owns everything. On the other hand, in Fascism, the state has control over everything. In simple words, Communism means state ownership and fascism means state control.” (what is the difference between fascism and communism)
CIVIC VIRTUE: “Civic virtue, in political philosophy, personal qualities associated with the effective functioning of the civil and political order, or the preservation of its values and principles.” … To illustrate the centrality of the state’s purpose in civic virtue, it is useful to compare two dominant political traditions: the liberal and civic republican traditions. The liberal tradition makes minimal demands of citizens, on the assumption that pursuing one’s interests in the private sphere is more important than living a public life. It is sufficient under the liberal tradition for citizens to vote. The republican tradition demands that citizens be active, on the assumption that high levels of civic engagement are necessary to protect against government abuses and to provide citizens with an outlet to satisfy their human yearning of creating a shared public good. Both the liberal and republican traditions share the view that civic virtue is not an inherent human quality but needs to be developed. Civic virtue (Britannica)
SOCIAL CAPITAL: “‘Whereas physical capital refers to physical objects and human capital refers to the properties of individuals, social capital refers to connections among individuals – social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them. In that sense social capital is closely related to what some have called “civic virtue.” The difference is that “social capital” calls attention to the fact that civic virtue is most powerful when embedded in a sense network of reciprocal social relations. A society of many virtuous but isolated individuals is not necessarily rich in social capital’ (Putnam 2000: 19).” Social capital (Infed)
RESOURCES
Liberalism in the United States (Wikipedia)
Liberalism (Wikipedia)
Conservatism in the United States (Wikipedia)
Conservatism (Wikipedia)
Progressivism (Wikipedia)
Progressivism in the United States (Wikipedia)
Populism (Wikipedia)
Defining politics: If Hillary Clinton and Tim Kaine are “progressive,” then the word has lost all meaning (Salon)
"With this simple logic — that all behavior not in the best interest of society is the product of "bad" actors with no influence by external social or environmental factors — this philosophy effectively calls for the end to all of the social sciences. Poverty doesn't influence crime rates, inequality isn't an issue, institutional and structural violence isn't something to take seriously, all for example. That is, if we all become good — born again — everything will be fine. Research isn't needed. Facts aren't needed. All one needs is the "right" ideology to solve all of the world's problems."
The difference between Republicans and Democrats (The Hill)
Democrat vs. Republican (Diffen)
What are the main differences between the Republican and Democratic approaches to regulating the economy? (Investopedia)
Difference between Federalists and Democratic Republicans (TheyDiffer)
what is the difference between fascism and communism
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